WHY TABLE SALT TASTE SALTY?

Saltiness is a taste produced primarily by the presence of sodium ions. Other ions of the alkali metals group also taste salty, but the further from sodium the less salty the sensation is. The size of lithium and potassium ions most closely resemble those of sodium and thus the saltiness is most similar. In contrast rubidium and cesium ions are far larger so their salty taste differs accordingly. The saltiness of substances is rated relative to sodium chloride (NaCl), which has an index of 1. Potassium, as potassium chloride - KCl, is the principal ingredient in salt substitute, and has a saltiness index of 0.6.

Other monovalent catios, e.g. ammonium, NH₄⁺, and divalent cations of the alkali earth metals group of the periodic table, e.g. calcium, Ca²⁺, ions generally elicit a bitter rather than a salty taste even though they, too, can pass directly through ion channels in the tongue, generating an action potential. 

The melting point of table salt is 801 °C and its boiling point is 1413 °c.Sodium Chloride has a chemical formula of NaCl. It's molar mass is 58.44 grams/mole.

The lattice structure of table salt is ; 

colgate - no 1. recommended by dentist and hygienist. Trusted brand for dental care!!!

colgate- In our daily living,personal hygiene is the first priority,we all need to clean our mouths. Colgate is an anticavity toothpaste, used for oral hygiene and dental care.Different flavours may be added accordingly in some of the toothpastes, like icy cool mint, micro cleaning crystals to enhance its usage. Most of these colgates are clinically proven to:

-Strengthn teeth and repair weak spots in the enamel
-For advanced tooth whitening and stain removal
-To freshens breath
-To prevent gum diseases. They stop red swollen gums, plaque, bleeding gums,tooth loss, tooth decay by fighting germs.

colgate, like any other ordinary toothpaste is made of different compouds. Some of the ingredients that make colgate include dicalcium phosphate dihydrate,water,sorbitol, sodium lauryl sulfate, flavour, cellulose gum, sodium monofluorophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium saccharin, sodium fluoride

colgate contains sodium monofluorophosphate, abbriviated as MFP.It is the organic compound with the formula Na2FPO3.It is an odourless, colourless and water soluble solid substance which act as an ingredients in colgate.

Apart, it is also used in some medicationsfor the treatment of oesteoporosis and also inhibit the dissolution of lead in drinking water. sodium monofluorophosphate has got a benefit in oral hygiene and dental care by stoping tooth decay.The usual contentof MFP in colgate toothpaste is 0.76 percent(not very toxic) which favours the reduction of of cavities. Tooth decay is caused by bacteria naturally present in one's mouth. These bacteria forms a sticky , colourless, soft film of the teeth called plaque.The plaque produces acid which attacks the enamel.Tooth enamel consist mostly of calcium hydroxyphosphate.The degradation of apatite by he loss of OH ions causesthe enamel to dissolve. If MFP is present in saliva, it resists attacks by acids, so the tooth enamel resist decay better than enamel containing no MFP.

The structure of the sodium monofluorophosphate anion consists of phosphorus at the centre of a tetrachedron defined by 3 oxygen atoms and 1 fluorine. formal representations depict a double bond between one oxygen atom and phosphorus, with single bonds for the other 2 oxygen atoms and the fluorine.
MFP is prepared by hydrolysis, a difluorophosphate ions with dilute sodium hydroxide.



 PO₂F₂^2- + 2 NaOH → Na₂PO₃F + 2 HF


Molar mass; 2x23.00 + 30.97+ 3x16 + 18.998
                  = 143.96g/mol




STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF Na₂PO₃F

contents in coconut milk

We already know about cow milk, goat milk, and also soy bean milk. How about coconut milk? Coconut milk currently is popular among the people because of its benefits for health. Like many people have known, coconut is famous with its special quality to protect and recover the body from any internal and external diseases, and this coconut milk also has the same function to build the immunity in our body.
Coconut milk, which is in Malay known as santan, is the milk which is extracted from the meat of mature coconut. Like the other ordinary milks, it has the white color and its taste is attributed from the high oil content and sugar inside it. It has become the common consumption in tropical country, especially in Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Singapore, Philippine, Indonesia, and India.
Based on its function for the health, consuming coconut milk has many benefits, They are :
1. It contains variety of useful vitamins and minerals for the body, such as vitamin A and E, and also calcium, potassium, and chloride.
2. It can reduce the high blood pressure and sugar blood, and because it is rich of calcium, it can strengthen bones and teeth.
3. It can be the alternative for those allergic with lactose and animal milk.
4. It contains lauric acid which has anti-bacterial, anti-microbe, anti-fungi, and anti-virus. So, it can increase the body immunity toward many pathogens and diseases. What is more, lauric acid is also useful for heart’s health. It can help to maintain the artery to keep clean and healthy. Even though it contains saturated fatty acid, the existence of lauric acid and other acids inside it will make it perfect to against many heart diseases such as atheroschlerosis.
5. It contains anti-oxidant which is useful to avoid the free radical that can today might be a good idea.

cause cancer in our body.
6. And it also very useful for digestion. Because it contains anti-bacteria that can kill any pathogens inside our body.
Based on the nutrients inside it, a cup of coconut milk contains calories as much as 552 kcal, total fats 57.2 g, cholesterol 0 g, potassium 36 mg, total carbohydrates 13.3 g, protein 5.5 g, vitamin C 11%, calcium 4%, and iron 22%.
Now we have known, how much contributed that the coconut milk can give to our health. So, if you want to start the healthy life, consuming coconut milk from

saponication or making soap by neutralisation of fatty acids with an alkali.

Saponification is the process of making soap by hydrolysis of an esther under basic conditions to form an alcohol and salt of carboxilates. Saponification is commonly used to refer to the reaction of a metallic alkali (base) with a fat or oil to form soap. Saponifiable substances are those that can be converted into soap.

Neutralization of fatty acids with an alkali is one of the most common soapmaking process. Fats and oils are hydrolyzed (split) with a high-pressure steam to yield crude fatty acids and glycerine. Fats and oils are made up of mixture of different  tryglycerides which each of their molecule have three fatty acids molecule attached to one molecule of glycerine. The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap). Fatty acids are weak acids and composed of two parts;
1. the carboxylic acid group, consisting of one hydrogen (H) atom, oxygen (O) atom and a carbon (C) atom.
2. Hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid group.


THE REACTION BETWEEN TRYGLYCERIN AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE TO FORM SOAP.

why crying when cutting onions

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A chemical in onions that's released into the air when they're cut, that makes people cry why?. The chemical is an irritant, and human's natural response is to produce tears to keep it from hurting our eyes. Generally, this is what happens, slicing through an onion breaks open a number of onion cells Some of these cells have enzymes inside of them, and when they are sliced open, the enzymes escape. The enzymes called allinases, then decompose, some of the other substances that have escaped from sliced cells. Some of these substances, amino acid sulfoxides form unstable sulfenic acids, specifically 1-propenesulfenic acid, which then quickly rearrange themselves into a volatile gas called syn-propanethiol S-oxide
The gas reaches people's eyes and reacts with the water that keeps them moist. This changes the chemical's form again, producing, among other things, a mild sulfuric acid, which irritates the eyes. The nerve endings in the eyes are very sensitive and so they pick up on this irritation (this is why our eyes sting when we slice onions). The brain reacts by telling your tear ducts to produce more water, to dilute the irritating acid so the eyes are protected.

-Any of various compounds that contain a sulfinyl group are known as sulfoxides.
sulfoxides are divalent radical =SO.
It is also an organic compound intermediate between a sulfide and a sulfone.

1. syn-propanethiol S-oxide

•     CHEMICAL FORMULA; C₃H₆OS
•     STRUCTURAL FORMULA

• MOLAR MASS; 3 X 12.01 + 6 X 1.008 + 16.00 + 32..06

= 90.14g/mol

mino acid

WAYS OF ILLIMINATING CRYING WHEN CUTTING AN ONION

1. Use a sharp knife when cutting onion-The enzymes are released when cells are broken or crushed; using a sharp knife slices through the onion rather than crushing and thus, fewer enzymes are released.
2. Chill your onions in the freezer before cutting them. This reduces the amount of the acid enzyme released into the air.
3. cut the onion under water,cut the onion near running water or a cloud of steam (from a kettle or pan of water and breathe through your mouth (to draw the gas over your wet tongue) or stick your tongue out. All these steps provide the moist environment for the gas to be absorbed